Micromorphological Study on Leaf Epidermis of Schizostachyum and Its Allies ( Poaceae: Bambusoideae)

Micromorphological characters of leaf epidermis of 16 published species from Schizostachy um Nees and its allies ( including Melocanna Trin. , Pseudostachyum Munro, Leptocanna Chia et H. L. Fung and Cephalostachyum Munro) were examined by both light and scanning electron microscopies. The results indicated that the papillae forms and distributional patterns on the abaxial surface were taxonomically informative at the generic level. The characters of papillae did not support Schiz ostachyum sensu lato; meanwhile, it was supported that Melocanna, Pseudostachyum and Cep halostachyum were better to be treated as separate genera respectively. Furthermore, it seemed to be more appropriate to place Leptocanna chinensis and Schizostachyum sanguineum in Cep halostachyum; and to place Cephalostachyum pergr acile and C1 virgatum in Schizostachy um .     

基于景观尺度过程模型的长白山地表径流量时空变化特征的模拟

运用已建立的景观尺度生态系统生产力过程模型EPPML对长白山自然保护区地表径流量的季节动态和空间分布特征进行了模拟,对其与环境因子间的相互关系进行了分析．模拟结果表明,长白山自然保护区地表径流量的季节进程表现出明显的三峰型,6月和9月出现低谷,8月达最大(2．58mm·d^-1),与土壤含水量的季节变化趋势十分相似．1995年地表径流量的模拟值平均为0．203m·年^-l,空间分布随海拔升高呈现明显增加的趋势,最高为高山流砾滩(0．619m·年^-1),最低为阔叶红松林(0．081m·年^-1)．年地表径流量与叶面积指数(LAI)呈极显著负相关指数关系(R^2＝0．857)．年地表径流量与气温和总辐射呈负相关关系(R^2分别为0．965和0．836),与降水量、相对湿度和风速呈正相关关系(R^2均大于0．950),还与土壤特性密切相关。     

Leaf epidermal features of Rhododendron (Ericaceae)from China and their systematic significance

Rhododendron is the largest genus within the subfamily Rhododendroideae, which has about 1000 known species in the world and more than 500 species in China. Since the genus was established by Linnaeus, its infrageneric relationships have been well studied by many taxonomists on the basis of morphological characters and molecular data. In 1996, Chamberlain et al. proposed a new system of Rhododendron with eight subgenera, i.e., Azaleastrum, Candidastrum, Hymenanthes, Mumeazalea, Pentanthera, Rhododendron, Therorhodion, and Tsutsusi. In this paper, micromorphological characters of leaf epidermis in 4 varieties, 48 species, 6 subgenera of Rhododendron from China were examined using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Leaf epidermal features are described and micromorphological types are distinguished here according to morphological characters such as scale, gland, foliar trichome and stomatal apparatus of leaf epidermis. It is shown that the leaf epidermal cells are usually irregular or polygonal in shape. The patterns of anticlinal walls are straight, arched or undulate. The stomatal apparatuses are anomocytic and are usually found on abaxial, not adaxial, epidermis. The results also show that: (1) the lepidote rhododendron (i.e., subgen. Rhododendron), which has both scales and papillae on leaf epidermis, differs distinctly from the elepidote rhododendron; (2) three types of leaf epidermis are identified in subgen. Hymenanthes (i.e., R. fortunei-type, R. chihsinianum-type and R. simiarum-type), whereas four in subgen. Tsutsusi (i.e., R. mariesii-type, R. simsii-type, R. mariae-type and R. flosculum-type); (3) except for R. westlandii and R. henryi, the species of subgen. Azaleastrum show similar morphological characters, i.e., dense stomatal apparatuses surrounded by ringed or discontinuous striates; (4) R. molle of subgen. Pentanthera differs from the species of other subgenera on morphological characters such as foliar trichomes, dense stomatal apparatuses with asymmetrical outer stomatal rims surrounded by undulate-striates, and no gland; (5) only R. redowskianum is found with distinct T-pieces at the polar region of guard cells in Rhododendron. The results support the conclusion inferred from molecular systematic studies that subgen. Therorhodion is the basal clade of Rhododendron. Finally, the relationships between the closely related species are also discussed on the basis of leaf epidermal features.     

北苍术叶片功能性状种源变异及其对科尔沁沙地环境的响应

【目的】探究北苍术叶片功能性状对科尔沁沙地的响应与适应规律。【方法】选择4个种源地北苍术半野生种子通过同质园实验育苗移栽于奈曼旗中(蒙)药材科研基地,以3年生北苍术叶片为材料,研究北苍术叶片结构与功能特性对科尔沁沙地的响应与适应规律。【结果】扎鲁特旗种源北苍术下部叶叶裂程度较明显,叶片革质化;北苍术叶上表皮细胞厚度、下表皮细胞厚度变异系数与可塑性指数均较大,围场县种源北苍术叶片上表皮细胞厚度、扎鲁特旗种源北苍术叶片下表皮细胞厚度显著高于其他种源,栅海比、组织结构紧密度较大;阿荣旗、扎鲁特旗种源地北苍术叶片上表皮气孔数量较多,喀喇沁旗种源上表皮气孔数量极少、气孔密度较小,喀喇沁旗种源叶片下表皮气孔数量显著高于其他3个种源地;围场县、扎鲁特旗种源地北苍术叶片光合能力较强。【结论】围场县、扎鲁特旗种源地的北苍术对科尔沁沙地有较强的适应能力。     

Temporal dynamics of epidermal responses of guppies Poecilia reticulata to a sublethal range of waterborne zinc concentrations

This study assessed the histological changes in the epidermis of guppies Poecilia reticulata induced by waterborne zinc (Zn). Laboratory‐reared P. reticulata fry were maintained individually in separate vessels containing artificial water (8 µg l^?1 Zn) to which 0, 15, 30, 60 or 120 µg l^?1 Zn was added. Their epidermal response to Zn was monitored regularly over 4 weeks. Compared with controls, mucus was rapidly released and mucous cell numbers decreased at all concentrations. Thereafter mucous release, epidermal thickness, numbers and size of mucous cells fluctuated at a rate that varied with Zn concentration, but fluctuations declined after day 18. Results clearly highlight the dynamic nature of the epidermal response to sublethal concentrations of waterborne Zn. In general, low concentrations of Zn induced a rapid response with reduced numbers and size of mucous cells and shift in mucin composition, and a subsequent thickening of the epidermis. Epidermal thickness and mucous cell area fluctuated over time but were normal after a month of exposure to low Zn concentrations. The number of mucous cells, however, remained low. Virtually all mucous cells from fish maintained in 15 and 60 µg l^?1 Zn contained acidic mucins throughout the month, whereas fish maintained at 30 µg l^?1 Zn responded by production of neutral mucins during the first 12 days followed by a mixture of neutral and acidic mucins. At 120 µg l^?1 Zn, the most dramatic effects were the gradual but sustained decrease in numbers and area of mucous cells, and the shift to acidic mucins in these cells. Thus, as concentration of Zn increased, the epidermal responses indicated a disturbed host response (dramatic decline in mucous cell numbers, with mixed composition of mucins), which may have been less effective in preventing Zn uptake across the epithelium.     

Ciliary receptors associated with the mouth and pharynx of Acoela (Acoelomorpha): a comparative ultrastructural study

The ultrastructure and distribution of receptor cells near the mouth and (where present) the pharynx of Hofstenia miamia, Proporus bermudensis, Conaperta thela, and Convoluta convoluta (Acoela) were investigated by transmission electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy of specimens stained with a fluorescence marker for actin. Five types of monociliary receptors were identified: (1) non‐collared receptors with a single long and narrow ciliary rootlet; (2) non‐collared receptors with a wide main ciliary rootlet and a smaller posterior rootlet; (3) non‐collared receptors with a single wide and hollow ciliary rootlet with a granulated core; (4) Collar (?) receptors with obliquely radial filament bundles in the cell apex and with a single hollow ciliary rootlet composed of numerous strand‐like elements; and (5) Collar receptors lacking a striated rootlet but with a granular body (swallow's nest rootlet). While H. miamia bears the first two receptor types, P. bermudensis has receptors of type 1, 3 and 5, and Cona. thela and Conv. convoluta have receptors of type 3, 4 and 5. The density of receptors is generally highest at the anterior body tip, regardless of where the mouth is located. Most receptor types occur scattered over the whole body but type 2 receptors of H. miamia are restricted to the pharynx and mouth region. The lack of a common receptor type specific for the mouth and pharynx of the investigated species points to an independent origin of the pharynges in Hofsteniidae and in Proporidae and of the mouth tube in Convolutidae. Moreover, the homology of the so‐called collar receptors in Acoela with typical collar receptors in other invertebrates is questioned.     

杜鹃花属映山红亚属植物叶表皮显微形态特征及其分类学意义

为澄清映山红亚属(Rhododendron subg. Tsutsusi)内的系统关系问题,该研究选择杜鹃花属映山红亚属37种植物作为对象,其中29种为首次报道,通过扫描电镜观察其叶表皮显微特征。结果表明:(1)气孔器均为无规则型且均在远轴面。(2)根据叶片微形态特征将映山红亚属的种类分为杜鹃型(R. simisii-type)、岭南杜鹃型(R. mariae-type)、皋月杜鹃型(R. indicum-type)、崖壁杜鹃型(R. saxatile-type)及丁香杜鹃型(R. farrerae-type)5种类型。(3)杜鹃型植物的气孔器周边无或具间断的条形突起。(4)岭南杜鹃型植物的气孔器周围有多层条形突起环绕,保卫细胞两极不具T型加厚。(5)皋月杜鹃型植物的叶表皮保卫细胞两极具有T型加厚,与叶状苞亚属(Subg. Therorhodion)叶状苞杜鹃(R. redowskianum)的气孔器特征相似,推测其与叶状苞亚属具有一定的亲缘关系。(6)崖壁杜鹃型植物的叶表皮毛单一,多呈卷曲状,与其他类型有所不同且未见腺体。(7)丁香杜鹃型植物的叶表皮仅有腺体。(8)依据叶表皮微形态特征讨论了一些近缘种类的关系,如倾向于将背绒杜鹃(R. hypoblematosum)和千针叶杜鹃(R. polyraphidoideum)处理为独立的种,支持保留紫薇春(R. naamkwanense var. cryptonerve)作为南昆杜鹃(R. naamkwanense)的变种地位,不支持将腺花杜鹃(R. adenanthum)并入细瘦杜鹃(R. tenue)作异名处理等。该研究结果表明叶表皮显微特征在映山红亚属内物种划分上具有重要价值。     

中国黄耆属簇毛黄耆亚属的叶表皮特征及其系统学意义

在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下,观察了国产黄耆属簇毛黄耆亚属16种1变种的叶表皮特征。结果表明,气孔器在各种植物的上、下表皮均有分布,多为无规则型,也有不等细胞型;叶表皮细胞形状有不规则形与多边形,表皮细胞垂周壁有平直、浅波状、波状或深波状。叶表皮细胞形状与垂周壁的式样可以分为四种类型,这四种类型与亚属的分组有一定的对应关系。在扫描电镜下可见表皮细胞上有角质层,气孔下陷,气孔的外拱盖及其内缘特征在亚属内都比较一致。表皮细胞角质层的纹饰在个别类群中有一定的变异,对种类的鉴定有一定的意义。     

Modulation of leaf attributes and water use efficiency in Quercus suber along a rainfall gradient

The aim of our study was to assess the intraspecific variation of a range of leaf attributes and carbon isotope discrimination (Δ), in Quercus suber, along an 800 mm rainfall gradient in Portugal. We measured specific leaf area (SLA), leaf thickness (LT) and density, and used leaf carbon isotope content as an integrated record of water use efficiency. The values of SLA of Q. suber were strongly, positively correlated with rainfall, decreasing as rainfall decreased. This reduction was mainly driven by LT, which was tightly correlated with SLA (R = −0.80, P < 0.001), and steadily increased with declining rainfall. The significant increase in carbon isotope discrimination towards the wetter end of the gradient, with a difference of 4.2‰ in Δ between the two extremes, suggests a strong adjustment of leaf gas exchange to water availability. Leaf changes associated with precipitation in Q. suber thus seem to influence water economy, since reduction of SLA with the increase of LT with aridity improves water use efficiency. These data suggest that this evergreen tree species relies on its foliage plasticity and physiology to overcome water shortage.     

中国西南地区独活属植物叶表皮微形态特征及其系统学意义

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对中国西南地区独活属16种1变种植物(分隶于中国独活属的全部4个组)的叶表皮微形态进行了观察,测量并统计气孔器大小、密度和气孔指数,并用统计学方法对远轴面气孔器长轴进行显著差异性分析.结果显示:无规则型气孔器普遍存在于所有研究类群的叶远轴面及个别类群叶近轴面,气孔器的分布和密度具有种间特异性.表皮毛普遍存在于远轴面及大部分类群近轴面,长短和覆盖密度因种而异.近轴面表皮细胞为多边形或者不规则形,垂周壁平直、浅波状或波状;远轴面表皮细胞形态多不规则形,表皮细胞垂周壁浅波状或波状.在扫描电镜下,叶表皮气孔器外拱盖内缘为近平滑、浅波状或波状;角质膜条纹状,有的附有颗粒状、鳞片状蜡质等结构.气孔器外拱盖形态以及蜡质类型是稳定的鉴别特征.研究表明独活属植物叶表皮特征存在较大的种间差异,对独活属的系统分类及进化研究具有重要意义,文中对叶表皮特征在独活属植物分类处理中的应用及系统进化问题等进行了讨论,并建立了以叶表皮微形态特征为依据的分类检索表.